Introduction
Communication is fundamental to human interaction, yet its complexity is often underestimated. Over the years, scholars have developed various models to describe how communication works, ranging from simple, linear explanations to more intricate, interactive ones.
The Transactional Model of Communication is one such advanced model that reflects the dynamic, ongoing nature of communication.
In an era characterized by instant and multifaceted communication, understanding this model is crucial for effectively managing interactions in both personal and professional contexts.
The Transactional Model of Communication
The earlier linear models like Lasswell’s communication model or The Shannon-Weaver communication model, or the interactive models like the SMCR model of communication, which often treat communication as a one-way or two-way exchange, have the potential limitations include lack of flexibility, hence the communication can get deteriorated.
The Transactional Model of Communication emerged to address these limitations of simpler, earlier models.
The transactional model views communication as a continuous and reciprocal process where any or all parties involved can act as participants simultaneously. Also, it involves constant feedback and adaptation regarding the context.
It’s a complex and endless communication process where the exchange of information is shaped by context, feedback, shared experiences, and external factors.
Key Elements of the Transactional Model:
1. Simultaneous Communication:
Unlike the linear model, where communication is seen as a one-way street, the transactional model emphasizes that both parties are engaged in sending and receiving messages simultaneously. Communication is, therefore, a fluid and ongoing process.
2. Continuous Feedback:
In the transactional model, feedback isn’t a separate step but a continuous loop, allowing participants to adjust their messages in real-time to improve understanding and response.
3. Contextual Influence:
The transactional model highlights that communication does not occur in a vacuum; it is influenced by various contextual factors that shape how messages are transmitted and received. These contexts include physical, social, cultural, and psychological dimensions.
● Physical Context:
This refers to the tangible environment where communication takes place. The physical setting, such as a noisy room, a crowded office, or a serene park, can significantly impact the effectiveness of communication.
For instance, a conversation in a quiet office is more focused and clearer than one held in a bustling, noisy environment.
● Social Context:
Social context involves the relationships and roles of the communicators. Social norms, power dynamics, and expectations based on social roles influence how messages are framed, delivered, and interpreted.
For example, a conversation between a manager and an employee will differ from that between two colleagues at the same level.
● Cultural Context:
Cultural background plays a crucial role in communication. Cultural context encompasses the beliefs, values, and customs shared by an ethnicity. Differences in cultural norms can lead to misunderstandings or misinterpretations.
For instance, direct eye contact might be seen as a sign of confidence in one culture, while it could be considered rude or confrontational manner in another.
● Psychological Context:
This context includes the mental and emotional states of the communicators. Personal biases, attitudes, past experiences, and emotional conditions can all shape how messages are sent and received.
A stressed or anxious person may interpret messages more negatively than someone calm and relaxed.
4. Noise Interference:
In the transactional model, noise refers to anything that distorts or hinders the communication process. Noise can take several forms
● Physical Noise:
External environmental factors, such as background sounds, loud music, or construction work, can interfere with the clarity of the message.
● Psychological Noise:
Internal distractions such as preoccupied thoughts, stress, or prejudices can prevent individuals from fully focusing on the communication process.
● Semantic Noise:
Misunderstandings arising from language barriers, jargon, or different interpretations of words and phrases fall under semantic noise.
For example, technical terms used in a professional setting might confuse someone without that specific background.
● Physiological Noise:
Physical conditions such as hearing impairments, fatigue, or illness can also act as noise, affecting how well a message is received or conveyed.
5. Shared Background:
Shared background refers to the common knowledge, experiences, and understanding that communicators have.
Communicators who share similar backgrounds, use similar language, references, and cultural cues, making their interaction smoother and more efficient. This shared context facilitates easier interpretation of messages.
For example, colleagues who have worked together on past projects will have a shared background that makes their communication more intuitive.
6. Field of Experience:
Each participant in a communication process brings their unique field of experience, including their education, culture, past interactions, and personal history. These experiences shape how individuals perceive and interpret messages.
A shared field of experience enhances communication since it provides a common frame of reference.
When individuals have different fields of experience, misunderstandings are more likely to occur.
For example, a doctor might use medical jargon that a patient does not understand, highlighting a difference in their fields of experience.
Contemporary Examples
1. Doctor-Patient Communication
The doctor provides medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment options, while the patient responds with questions, concerns, and descriptions of their symptoms. This interaction is heavily influenced by the context, such as the patient’s medical history, cultural background, and emotional state.
Noise, such as complex medical terminology or the patient’s anxiety, can hinder clear communication. The effectiveness of this exchange often depends on the shared field of experience between the doctor and patient, such as previous consultations and established trust, which allows for better understanding and cooperation.
2. Social Media Engagement
Platforms like Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook illustrate the transactional model of communication perfectly. When someone posts on social media, they are not simply broadcasting a message; they are engaging in a dynamic interaction.
Followers can respond through likes, comments, and shares, providing instant feedback that the original poster can use to gauge reactions and adjust future messages.
The context, such as current social trends or issues, significantly impacts how these messages are perceived, while noise can arise from misunderstandings or differing viewpoints.
The post/message influences the audience who shares common interests, shared field of experience or simply based on their or past engagements.
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Transactional Model of Communication
Pros:
● Reflects Realistic Interactions:
This model accurately represents how communication occurs in real life, considering the simultaneous exchange of messages.
● Incorporates Feedback:
By including feedback, the model allows for adjustments and improvements in communication, leading to more effective interactions.
● Consider Contextual Factors:
It acknowledges that communication is influenced by various contexts, such as social, cultural, and physical, providing a comprehensive understanding.
● Highlights the Role of Experience:
The model emphasizes the importance of shared background and field of experience, which can enhance mutual understanding.
● Recognizes Noise:
By considering different types of noise, the model provides insight into potential barriers and challenges in communication.
Cons:
● Complexity:
The model’s focus on multiple factors and continuous exchange can make it difficult to analyze or apply in simple terms.
● Assumes Equal Participation:
It assumes that both parties are equally active in sending and receiving messages, which may not always be the case.
● Overemphasis on Context:
While context is important, the model’s heavy reliance on it might overlook the simplicity of some communication scenarios.
● Difficulty in Measuring Noise:
Identifying and quantifying different types of noise can be challenging, making it hard to address communication barriers effectively.
● Limited Scope for Power Dynamics:
The model may not adequately account for situations where there is a significant power imbalance, affecting communication dynamics.
Conclusion
The Transactional Model of Communication offers a nuanced understanding of how communication operates in our complex, interconnected world.
Whether in remote work environments, social media, or healthcare, the transactional model emphasizes the importance of context, feedback, and shared experiences in effective communication. As we continue to navigate an increasingly digital and globalized world, mastering the intricacies of this model is essential for successful and meaningful communication across all areas of life since it accurately reflects real-world interactions.